By the nature of his scientific work, Stanislav Mikhailovich Menshikov occupies a unique place in the history of Russian economic thought. For several decades, he successfully researched the U.S. economy, lived there for many years, and collaborated with the leading American economists of that time. From the 1970s onward, alongside his research on the economies of capitalist countries, he also studied the economy of the USSR, identifying major defects within it. Unlike the vast majority of Soviet and Russian economists, Menshikov approached the issues of reforming the Soviet and Russian economy based on many years of experience researching capitalist economies. His economic views are presented in four books published between 1990 and 2008, a review of which is provided in this article. Menshikov proposed a program for the transition to a market economy based on his analysis of the inherent defects and crisis phenomena of the command system. His program envisioned the commercialization of the state sector and the creation of conditions for the development of the private sector. It also aimed to improve the structure of the economy by reducing the military and investment sectors while expanding the consumer sector and foreign economic activity. In the area of foreign economic relations, Menshikov considered it necessary to grant enterprises of various forms of ownership broad rights to engage in foreign economic activity in order to foster competition as a means of increasing economic efficiency and product quality. Menshikov’s program assumed that the population’s standard of living would be maintained during the transition to the market through reductions in productive investment, military spending, and shadow economy revenues.

The article analyzes cross-sectoral integration in Russia’s regional industry, focusing on the linkages between the development of mining sectors and the dynamics of manufacturing across eight federal districts during 2017–2024. Special attention is given to macroregional sectoral specialization and the impact of economic factors and structural shifts on sustainable production ties between raw material extraction and processing sectors.

The empirical base comprises official statistical data on shipped goods, works, and services in ‘Mining of useful minerals’ and ‘Manufacturing’ activities by federal districts. Correlation-regression analysis methods, along with Spearman’s and Kendall’s rank coefficients accounting for nonlinear effects and time lags, were used to quantify the nature and strength of intersectoral linkages.

The results indicate a substantial positive correlation (0.84–0.99, p < 0.05) between mineral extraction and manufacturing performance in the Southern, Far Eastern, Volga, Ural, Northwestern, and North Caucasian districts, corroborated by regression models. In the Central and Siberian districts, the linkage is weak and statistically insignifi cant due to economic diversification and lower manufacturing dependence on raw material chains.

The identified structural integration in most macroregions underscores manufacturing’s reliance on the raw material base, forming unified production chains. Exceptions suggest alternative growth models with greater resilience to raw material shocks. The practical significance lies in applying the findings to develop regional development and industrial policies, form cluster programs, and justify investment and state support priorities aimed at optimizing cross-sectoral linkages and reducing regional economies’ vulnerability to external shocks.

This study focuses on the challenges of Russian economic development in the current context of a complex geopolitical situation and numerous sanctions aimed at slowing economic growth and declining living standards. In examining this issue, the author shifts focus to the development of tourism and hospitality as the most significant economic sector, highlighting valuable tourism resources, a significant domestic tourism market, thriving small businesses, growing entrepreneurial initiatives, and significant government support. The study analyzes an important macroeconomic indicator, real incomes, which drive demand for tourism and hotel services. Using statistical measurement methods, macroeconomic indicator assessments, and a comparative analysis of the market share of key online booking aggregators for the period 2022–2024, the author concludes that the departure of foreign booking platforms from the market has created a unique situation in the tourism and hotel booking market, which domestic services have quickly taken advantage of, offering consumers not only high-quality services but also a wide range of additional options. The demonopolization of the online booking market, coupled with increased purchasing power, has led to a qualitative change in the tourism and hotel services market and created new opportunities for the widespread adoption of technological innovation. This situation has enabled the creation of a sovereign, independent offering of booking services focused on the development of domestic tourism and has also created conditions for intense competition among online platforms for consumers.This study focuses on the challenges of Russian economic development in the current context of a complex geopolitical situation and numerous sanctions aimed at slowing economic growth and declining living standards. In examining this issue, the author shifts focus to the development of tourism and hospitality as the most significant economic sector, highlighting valuable tourism resources, a significant domestic tourism market, thriving small businesses, growing entrepreneurial initiatives, and significant government support. The study analyzes an important macroeconomic indicator, real incomes, which drive demand for tourism and hotel services. Using statistical measurement methods, macroeconomic indicator assessments, and a comparative analysis of the market share of key online booking aggregators for the period 2022–2024, the author concludes that the departure of foreign booking platforms from the market has created a unique situation in the tourism and hotel booking market, which domestic services have quickly taken advantage of, offering consumers not only high-quality services but also a wide range of additional options. The demonopolization of the online booking market, coupled with increased purchasing power, has led to a qualitative change in the tourism and hotel services market and created new opportunities for the widespread adoption of technological innovation. This situation has enabled the creation of a sovereign, independent offering of booking services focused on the development of domestic tourism and has also created conditions for intense competition among online platforms for consumers.

In modern practice, the basis for setting prices for housing and communal services is the cost set by the municipal authorities, which takes into account only a minimum set of works and services. However, this method does not fully reflect the impact of internal factors, such as the age of buildings and the degree of wear and tear of structural elements, as well as external factors, such as the natural and climatic conditions of the region. The focus is on the number of structural elements, which leads to a simplified and often underestimated calculation of the cost of services. This methodology reduces the competitiveness of management companies (MCs), which take into account all relevant factors and set more reasonable and higher prices. At the same time, MCs that seek to increase their competitiveness in the market by underestimating the cost of services face an imbalance between their revenues and expenses, which negatively affects their fi nancial stability. Additionally, legal restrictions and difficulties in holding meetings of property owners complicate the process of adjusting prices. Therefore, there is a need to improve the pricing methodology by considering the complex impact of internal and external factors. The purpose of this study is to improve the pricing methodology in the housing sector by developing a two-stage approach that includes a theoretical analysis of factors and their mathematical modeling, as well as an expert assessment to enhance the objectivity and practical applicability of the results. The study implemented the second stage of the methodology, which involved the development of a questionnaire and an expert survey to assess the consistency of the theoretical concepts. Based on the obtained data, formulas were proposed for calculating the cost of current repairs in multiapartment buildings, taking into account the influence of internal (building age) and external factors (geological, hydrological, and climatic conditions)

The implementation of the improved methodology allows the management company to identify discrepancies between the cost and frequency of repair work determined based on technical documentation and the data obtained from actual engineering surveys. The results of the study contribute to improving the accuracy of the management company’s financial planning and lay the foundation for sustainable housing development in the long term.

The article problematizes various aspects of a possible methodology for studying cognitive a priori cultures. It substantiates the need to adhere to the holistic approach of the cognitive act: subject–perception–object. Epistemic cultures differ in their ranges of perception. The researcher of epistemic cultures from the point of view of the concept of “thinking-together-with-complexity” becomes a meta-observer in the supposed position of meta-perception. The differentiating multiplicity of cultures is determined by the universal law of development of an undifferentiated whole with a combination of invariance and variability. In cognitive evolution, a priori today is the result of the acquisition of experience and its transmutations both in phylogenesis and in ontogenesis, in other words, evolutionary a posteriori. The multiplicity of factors in the co-evolution of consciousness and various environments poses the problem of convergence between the natural and human sciences, Western technologically conditioned rationality and Asian epistemic cultures for researchers. The article provides examples of fruitful collaboration between Western science and esoteric philosophies on the issues of the quality of time and the nature of light. Modern scientific disciplines in the geographical cycle, studying the characteristics of ethnic mentalities, are reviving ideas of ancient knowledge about the influence of terrain and natural and cosmic factors on perception and cognitive abilities. Features of the structure of the brain and the development of the nervous system can be considered as cognitive a priori of cultures. Modern logic, especially the logical methodologies of abstraction and idealization, contribute to the study of language and the ways of forming abstractions at the philosophical level. What is relevant today in cognitive evolution can be understood in terms of the future development of already emerging trends towards the assimilation of cultural diversity while revealing one’s own potential. The article problematizes various aspects of a possible methodology for studying cognitive a priori cultures. It substantiates the need to adhere to the holistic approach of the cognitive act: subject–perception–object. Epistemic cultures differ in their ranges of perception. The researcher of epistemic cultures from the point of view of the concept of “thinking-together-with-complexity” becomes a meta-observer in the supposed position of meta-perception. The differentiating multiplicity of cultures is determined by the universal law of development of an undifferentiated whole with a combination of invariance and variability. In cognitive evolution, a priori today is the result of the acquisition of experience and its transmutations both in phylogenesis and in ontogenesis, in other words, evolutionary a posteriori. The multiplicity of factors in the co-evolution of consciousness and various environments poses the problem of convergence between the natural and human sciences, Western technologically conditioned rationality and Asian epistemic cultures for researchers. The article provides examples of fruitful collaboration between Western science and esoteric philosophies on the issues of the quality of time and the nature of light. Modern scientific disciplines in the geographical cycle, studying the characteristics of ethnic mentalities, are reviving ideas of ancient knowledge about the influence of terrain and natural and cosmic factors on perception and cognitive abilities. Features of the structure of the brain and the development of the nervous system can be considered as cognitive a priori of cultures. Modern logic, especially the logical methodologies of abstraction and idealization, contribute to the study of language and the ways of forming abstractions at the philosophical level. What is relevant today in cognitive evolution can be understood in terms of the future development of already emerging trends towards the assimilation of cultural diversity while revealing one’s own potential.The article problematizes various aspects of a possible methodology for studying cognitive a priori cultures. It substantiates the need to adhere to the holistic approach of the cognitive act: subject–perception–object. Epistemic cultures differ in their ranges of perception. The researcher of epistemic cultures from the point of view of the concept of “thinking-together-with-complexity” becomes a meta-observer in the supposed position of meta-perception. The differentiating multiplicity of cultures is determined by the universal law of development of an undifferentiated whole with a combination of invariance and variability. In cognitive evolution, a priori today is the result of the acquisition of experience and its transmutations both in phylogenesis and in ontogenesis, in other words, evolutionary a posteriori. The multiplicity of factors in the co-evolution of consciousness and various environments poses the problem of convergence between the natural and human sciences, Western technologically conditioned rationality and Asian epistemic cultures for researchers. The article provides examples of fruitful collaboration between Western science and esoteric philosophies on the issues of the quality of time and the nature of light. Modern scientific disciplines in the geographical cycle, studying the characteristics of ethnic mentalities, are reviving ideas of ancient knowledge about the influence of terrain and natural and cosmic factors on perception and cognitive abilities. Features of the structure of the brain and the development of the nervous system can be considered as cognitive a priori of cultures. Modern logic, especially the logical methodologies of abstraction and idealization, contribute to the study of language and the ways of forming abstractions at the philosophical level. What is relevant today in cognitive evolution can be understood in terms of the future development of already emerging trends towards the assimilation of cultural diversity while revealing one’s own potential. The article problematizes various aspects of a possible methodology for studying cognitive a priori cultures. It substantiates the need to adhere to the holistic approach of the cognitive act: subject–perception–object. Epistemic cultures differ in their ranges of perception. The researcher of epistemic cultures from the point of view of the concept of “thinking-together-with-complexity” becomes a meta-observer in the supposed position of meta-perception. The differentiating multiplicity of cultures is determined by the universal law of development of an undifferentiated whole with a combination of invariance and variability. In cognitive evolution, a priori today is the result of the acquisition of experience and its transmutations both in phylogenesis and in ontogenesis, in other words, evolutionary a posteriori. The multiplicity of factors in the co-evolution of consciousness and various environments poses the problem of convergence between the natural and human sciences, Western technologically conditioned rationality and Asian epistemic cultures for researchers. The article provides examples of fruitful collaboration between Western science and esoteric philosophies on the issues of the quality of time and the nature of light. Modern scientific disciplines in the geographical cycle, studying the characteristics of ethnic mentalities, are reviving ideas of ancient knowledge about the influence of terrain and natural and cosmic factors on perception and cognitive abilities. Features of the structure of the brain and the development of the nervous system can be considered as cognitive a priori of cultures. Modern logic, especially the logical methodologies of abstraction and idealization, contribute to the study of language and the ways of forming abstractions at the philosophical level. What is relevant today in cognitive evolution can be understood in terms of the future development of already emerging trends towards the assimilation of cultural diversity while revealing one’s own potential.

This article is based on a discussion that took place at the conference “Russia’s Civilizational Identity: The Search for a New Model of Self-Description”. Organized by the Izborsk Club in December 2024, it focused on current issues in understanding Russia’s civilizational identity and its future. The author highlights the problematic issues of the topic under discussion, assesses the current situation in the sphere of civilizational discourse as a ‘passion for civilization’, as it often addresses scientific and political issues related to civilizational themes in a superficial and insufficiently rigorous manner, including the offi cial proclamation of Russia as a civilizational state. He argues that equating Russian civilization (the Russian Federation) with Russian civilization (ethnicity), the Russian world, and the Russian canon is unjustified, as this could provoke xenophobia, exacerbate interethnic relations, and simultaneously fuel Russian chauvinism and nationalism among representatives of non-Russian peoples. This attitude is directed against the Russians themselves, as it essentially denies their own ethnocultural distinctiveness as a distinct people, alongside other peoples of the country. The author defends the position that Russia is not (or simply is not) a statecivilization, but a Eurasian civilization. He understands Eurasianism not only as a scientific concept or political doctrine, but also as a sociocultural type with a distinct system of ethnosocial interactions and value orientations of the peoples comprising it.

He concludes that the success of the discussion and practical implementation of the officially declared shift in Russia’s civilizational choice will largely depend on the extent to which these changes are connected and correspond to the actual lifestyle, perceptions, interests, and values of the population. This shift can also be realized only if the entire political system is aligned with the fundamental sociocultural foundations of Russia’s development. Otherwise, the discursive civilizational shift proclaimed at the state level will remain empty words, a fantasy, a wishful thinking, or a political ploy.

This article is based on a discussion that took place at the conference “Russia’s Civilizational Identity: The Search for a New Model of Self-Description”. Organized by the Izborsk Club in December 2024, it focused on current issues in understanding Russia’s civilizational identity and its future. The author highlights the problematic issues of the topic under discussion, assesses the current situation in the sphere of civilizational discourse as a ‘passion for civilization’, as it often addresses scientific and political issues related to civilizational themes in a superficial and insufficiently rigorous manner, including the offi cial proclamation of Russia as a civilizational state. He argues that equating Russian civilization (the Russian Federation) with Russian civilization (ethnicity), the Russian world, and the Russian canon is unjustified, as this could provoke xenophobia, exacerbate interethnic relations, and simultaneously fuel Russian chauvinism and nationalism among representatives of non-Russian peoples. This attitude is directed against the Russians themselves, as it essentially denies their own ethnocultural distinctiveness as a distinct people, alongside other peoples of the country. The author defends the position that Russia is not (or simply is not) a statecivilization, but a Eurasian civilization. He understands Eurasianism not only as a scientific concept or political doctrine, but also as a sociocultural type with a distinct system of ethnosocial interactions and value orientations of the peoples comprising it.

He concludes that the success of the discussion and practical implementation of the officially declared shift in Russia’s civilizational choice will largely depend on the extent to which these changes are connected and correspond to the actual lifestyle, perceptions, interests, and values of the population. This shift can also be realized only if the entire political system is aligned with the fundamental sociocultural foundations of Russia’s development. Otherwise, the discursive civilizational shift proclaimed at the state level will remain empty words, a fantasy, a wishful thinking, or a political ploy.

Not only in the world of physics-mechanics, and even not only in sports competitions, there are collisions-bounces-ricochets. The author found it useful to examine a generalized situation in which a moving object (which may be the subject itself) encounters a solid surface (or, more broadly, specific obstacles) and changes direction. Each of the components of a typical situation is briefly described: the SUBJECT (the author of the movement), the OBJECT (what is moving), the CONTEXT (the environment in which the events are taking place), the SURFACE (against which the Object is colliding), the CHANGED DIRECTION OF MOVEMENT, the RESULT, and the ATTITUDE (of the Subject and other participants in the situation) towards the Result. An ethical analysis and brief conclusions are presented in the proposed article.Not only in the world of physics-mechanics, and even not only in sports competitions, there are collisions-bounces-ricochets. The author found it useful to examine a generalized situation in which a moving object (which may be the subject itself) encounters a solid surface (or, more broadly, specific obstacles) and changes direction. Each of the components of a typical situation is briefly described: the SUBJECT (the author of the movement), the OBJECT (what is moving), the CONTEXT (the environment in which the events are taking place), the SURFACE (against which the Object is colliding), the CHANGED DIRECTION OF MOVEMENT, the RESULT, and the ATTITUDE (of the Subject and other participants in the situation) towards the Result. An ethical analysis and brief conclusions are presented in the proposed article.

This publication continues a tradition within the scholarly community of producing analytical and reflective reviews of past events. Its primary aims are to examine the issues of human reproduction through the lens of the modern anthropological crisis and to reveal the epistemological potential of transdisciplinary methodology in researching procreative processes. The article is based on ideas presented at the roundtable “Socio-Cultural and Philosophical Aspects of Research on the Macro-Shift in Contemporary Demographic Processes”, held as part of the conference “Revolution and Evolution: Models of Development in Science, Culture, and Society” (Nizhny Novgorod). The presented materials are analyzed from the perspective of a transition from interdisciplinarity to a transdisciplinary dialogue on procreation. Researchers from various fi elds were united by common objectives: to advance the methodology of demographic studies and to identify the factors and mechanisms behind crisis phenomena in childbearing, including those that contribute to the spread of anti-natalist ideas. The article highlights the following regulatory principles of transdisciplinarity: linking the universal with the specific through social acceptance; combining the concrete with the evaluative function of a meta-position in relation to the whole; the complex configuration of the natural and the artificial in the diversity and paradox of its expressions; integrating the individual and authorial with the narrativity of thematization. This approach allows for overcoming disciplinary boundaries in the study of natalism and anti-natalism, using the value of human life and the humanistic meaning of human reproduction as key benchmarks. Contemporary demographic phenomena are characterized by ambivalence and rhizomatic complexity, yet their interpretation in science is often reduced to methodological reductionism. As an alternative, it is proposed to develop the language of procreative discourse as a form of linguistic creativity that allows for an adequate description of this complexity. The transdisciplinary meta-position aims to generate new meanings and concepts through collective co-creation, offering not final solutions, but variable models applicable to each unique case.

The phrase ‘new ethics’ has long gone beyond philosophy, and has been actively introduced into fi elds such as political science and sociology over the past decade. The article presents the author’s opinion and an attempt to give a comparative analysis of the ‘new ethics’ and the traditional ‘old’ ethics. The article examines the following historical periods characteristic of ethics in the framework of the study of this fi eld in philosophy: ancient ethics, Christian ethics, Enlightenment ethics, ethics of awareness, proposed in the XX century by thinkers such as K. Jung and E. Neumann, and finally, a ‘new ethics’ that came to the fore in the XXI century. In this work, the author has made an attempt to analyze the above-mentioned ethical trends, revealing the main content and differences in relation to the fundamental issues of ethics: the problem of criteria for evaluating actions, namely, about good and evil, about responsibility and free will, and finally, about the existence of absolute moral truth. In addition, the author analyzed the concept of new ethics as a stage in the development of normative regulation of established norms using the example of changes in some areas influenced by the new ethics. First of all, this applies to the social sphere of human interaction, namely, on the issue of understanding consent, equality, inclusivity. The author compared the new ethics with the ethical trends that preceded the ethics of the XXI century, considered the concept of human happiness and self-realization in the context of understanding ethics.

Transformations in public life and the rapid development of biotechnology have led to a redefinition of the boundaries between life and death. On the one hand, humanity has achieved unprecedented growth in biotechnological intervention in processes related to the beginning and end of human life. On the other hand, the metamorphoses of modern biomedicine face the need to understand the limits of tolerance in ethical, religious and legal discourses. Religious institutions traditionally conduct expertise and assess the new technological reality, including medical manipulations. Medicine has always been associated with religion, religion with healing. And this is not accidental, since both religion and medicine are at the origin of life and death. Christianity, in particular, the Orthodox tradition, throughout history has formed a confessional view of death and the processes associated with dying. Today, Christian churches continue to respond to social trends and the development of medicine both in official statements and at the level of individual representatives of religious organizations.

The purpose of the article is to consider a set of issues related to death and dying in the optics of the Orthodox faith, combining the analysis of the texts of Holy Scripture and tradition with the experience of modern church practice. The objectives of this study are to describe the Orthodox view of death, identify doctrinal justifications, and identify official positions on palliative care, euthanasia, postmortem donation, and cremation. The scientific novelty consists in an attempt to derive a definition of the bioethical problem of death and dying, as well as an expanded overview of related topics in the context of Christian ethics. The work presents both ethical and theological positions and practical experience in resolving practical situations related to the subject of the study. This article may be useful for physicians, specialists in the fi eld of applied ethics and theology, as well as anyone interested in bioethical issues.

The issue of continuity and creative development has arisen repeatedly throughout the more than fi ve-thousand-year history of Chinese culture. Today, amid accelerating modernization and the homogenizing influence of globalization, China’s distinctive and profound culture is entering into active cross-cultural dialogue. In this process, foreign architects interpret and adapt the principles of Chinese vernacular architecture, while Chinese masters, in turn, reinterpret borrowed forms.

The aim of this article is to identify and analyze the specific mechanisms and strategies of contemporary inheritance practices through which traditional architectural elements are integrated with modern creative concepts, including an analysis of examples of cross-cultural communication. The object of the study is iconic architectural works in China created during the modern period of the 20th and 21st centuries. The research methodology is based on a comprehensive approach, including historical-genetic analysis, formal-stylistic analysis, and a comparative study of examples of the interaction between tradition and innovation.

The scientific novelty of the work lies in systematizing inheritance strategies, identifying patterns in the incorporation of sacred meanings and structural elements of traditional architecture into the current language of modern formbuilding, as well as in analyzing the bidirectional nature of cultural exchange. The study demonstrates that true continuity in architecture is achieved not through stylization or museum-like preservation, but through a deep reinterpretation of structural principles, spatial archetypes, and cultural symbolism – allowing tradition to gain new life in a global context without losing its unique identity.

The issue of continuity and creative development has arisen repeatedly throughout the more than fi ve-thousand-year history of Chinese culture. Today, amid accelerating modernization and the homogenizing influence of globalization, China’s distinctive and profound culture is entering into active cross-cultural dialogue. In this process, foreign architects interpret and adapt the principles of Chinese vernacular architecture, while Chinese masters, in turn, reinterpret borrowed forms.

The aim of this article is to identify and analyze the specific mechanisms and strategies of contemporary inheritance practices through which traditional architectural elements are integrated with modern creative concepts, including an analysis of examples of cross-cultural communication. The object of the study is iconic architectural works in China created during the modern period of the 20th and 21st centuries. The research methodology is based on a comprehensive approach, including historical-genetic analysis, formal-stylistic analysis, and a comparative study of examples of the interaction between tradition and innovation.

The scientific novelty of the work lies in systematizing inheritance strategies, identifying patterns in the incorporation of sacred meanings and structural elements of traditional architecture into the current language of modern formbuilding, as well as in analyzing the bidirectional nature of cultural exchange. The study demonstrates that true continuity in architecture is achieved not through stylization or museum-like preservation, but through a deep reinterpretation of structural principles, spatial archetypes, and cultural symbolism – allowing tradition to gain new life in a global context without losing its unique identity.

This article focuses on some challenges and nuances of translating two early texts by the Italian thinker Giuseppe Mazzini (1805–1872) into Russian: the article Of a European Literature (1829) and open anonymous letter to King Charles Albert of Sardinia (1831). The author analyzes different translations for the existing ambiguous units and also presents possible interpretations of these works on philosophy of history, justifying each translation decision. The paper’s first part explores the meaning of the word “una” in the title of the article Of a European Literature (D’una Letteratura Europea). Tracing the history of the “Goethean” epigraph to this Mazzini’s writing and examining its content, the author comes to the following conclusion. In this case, “una” can be perceived as either a numeral meaning “united” (in a moral sense) or an indefinite article, which indicates the unspecified and hypothetical nature of the concept of European literature. The article’s second part covers interpretations of the characteristic “Un Italiano” found at the beginning of the letter to Charles Albert. As the author shows, it can be applicable both to the Sardinian monarch, who is called to head a “united, free, and independent” Italian nation, and to Mazzini himself, who had already used the signature “An Italian” in several of his previous works. Furthermore, this part discusses the practical goals Mazzini may have had when distributing this letter among Italians in the summer of 1831. In the author’s opinion, following P. Ricœur, such parallelism of different but equally relevant interpretations should be viewed as “not a drawback or vice, but a virtue of understanding, which forms the essence of interpretation.”This article focuses on some challenges and nuances of translating two early texts by the Italian thinker Giuseppe Mazzini (1805–1872) into Russian: the article Of a European Literature (1829) and open anonymous letter to King Charles Albert of Sardinia (1831). The author analyzes different translations for the existing ambiguous units and also presents possible interpretations of these works on philosophy of history, justifying each translation decision. The paper’s first part explores the meaning of the word “una” in the title of the article Of a European Literature (D’una Letteratura Europea). Tracing the history of the “Goethean” epigraph to this Mazzini’s writing and examining its content, the author comes to the following conclusion. In this case, “una” can be perceived as either a numeral meaning “united” (in a moral sense) or an indefinite article, which indicates the unspecified and hypothetical nature of the concept of European literature. The article’s second part covers interpretations of the characteristic “Un Italiano” found at the beginning of the letter to Charles Albert. As the author shows, it can be applicable both to the Sardinian monarch, who is called to head a “united, free, and independent” Italian nation, and to Mazzini himself, who had already used the signature “An Italian” in several of his previous works. Furthermore, this part discusses the practical goals Mazzini may have had when distributing this letter among Italians in the summer of 1831. In the author’s opinion, following P. Ricœur, such parallelism of different but equally relevant interpretations should be viewed as “not a drawback or vice, but a virtue of understanding, which forms the essence of interpretation.”

Abstract

The research of Veliky Novgorod cultural landscape in the context of urban representation in digital media reveals how the interaction between cultural and natural elements of the urban environment infl uences the urban image formation. The cultural landscape includes not only material, but also natural components, whose combination is a complex unity that is accessible to human perception. Each person creates his own cultural landscape image, but due to media representation or coverage of phenomena, reality events, created by media resources (photography), and broadcasted through digital media (the Internet), numerous created individual images are integrated into collective representation. During this process, a single person is both an observer who perceives the cultural landscape, and an active participant in its representations modeling. The main method of the study is visual data content analysis, which allows identifying the key components of the cultural landscape based on photographs that capture it. Photographic materials are classified according to representations types and forms developed by V. N. Kalutskov, taking into account additional factors introduced by the researcher, including seasons, time of day, and natural phenomena which allow revealing the key components of the cultural landscape. The author selected Veliky Novgorod as empirical material for the analysis, enabling the mechanisms demonstration for the urban representation formation through the visual aspect of its perception. The study’s findingsconfirm the hypothesis that Veliky Novgorod’s perception is based on its cultural landscape representation formed from visual components such as the city’s planning system, geographic location, natural features, architectural monuments, and buildings (churches, temples, and cathedrals). These composite elements of the cultural landscape form the basis for Veliky Novgorod’s cohesive and recognizable image, which is broadcast and perceived in the digital media sphere. Thus, the study demonstrates the importance of the cultural landscape’s visual components in urban image formation. The article contributes to the mechanisms study for representing the cultural landscape and emphasizes the role of visual means in this process.

Abstract

The research of Veliky Novgorod cultural landscape in the context of urban representation in digital media reveals how the interaction between cultural and natural elements of the urban environment infl uences the urban image formation. The cultural landscape includes not only material, but also natural components, whose combination is a complex unity that is accessible to human perception. Each person creates his own cultural landscape image, but due to media representation or coverage of phenomena, reality events, created by media resources (photography), and broadcasted through digital media (the Internet), numerous created individual images are integrated into collective representation. During this process, a single person is both an observer who perceives the cultural landscape, and an active participant in its representations modeling. The main method of the study is visual data content analysis, which allows identifying the key components of the cultural landscape based on photographs that capture it. Photographic materials are classified according to representations types and forms developed by V. N. Kalutskov, taking into account additional factors introduced by the researcher, including seasons, time of day, and natural phenomena which allow revealing the key components of the cultural landscape. The author selected Veliky Novgorod as empirical material for the analysis, enabling the mechanisms demonstration for the urban representation formation through the visual aspect of its perception. The study’s findingsconfirm the hypothesis that Veliky Novgorod’s perception is based on its cultural landscape representation formed from visual components such as the city’s planning system, geographic location, natural features, architectural monuments, and buildings (churches, temples, and cathedrals). These composite elements of the cultural landscape form the basis for Veliky Novgorod’s cohesive and recognizable image, which is broadcast and perceived in the digital media sphere. Thus, the study demonstrates the importance of the cultural landscape’s visual components in urban image formation. The article contributes to the mechanisms study for representing the cultural landscape and emphasizes the role of visual means in this process.

The article continues the discussion of the concept of the cognitive turn previously presented in Ideas and Ideals (2025, vol. 17, no. 3, pt. 1, pp. 155–172). The publication attracted considerable attention and initiated a scholarly discussion in which philosophers A.V. Ivanov, A.S. Samarin, D.A. Sevostyanov, and the educator Z.A. Aksyutina took part. All participants supported the relevance of addressing the cognitive turn and the need to substantiate it in the context of crisis phenomena in science, philosophy, and intellectual culture as a whole.

The discussion focused on several fundamental assumptions identified in the original article, including mono-ontologism, the desubjectivization of cognition, and the predominance of attention to the external world (nature), accompanied by a significant underestimation of the internal dimension of cognition, above all the human being. These positions were generally accepted by the discussants. In contrast to these outdated constructs, the article formulates several new propositions: the concept of a three-aspect reality integrating the physical, the psychic, and the cognitive; the reintegration of the subject into the process of knowledge; attention to both the external and the internal aspects of any action; and the understanding of the knowing subject as an extremely complex research instrument that requires careful adjustment. These ideas also received a positive assessment in the discussion.

One of the most important outcomes of the debate is that it effectively reached the level of shaping a broader conception of the cognitive turn, within which each participant contributes from the perspective of his or her own research interests. A.V. Ivanov considers the state and prospects of knowledge within the framework of the metaphysics of all-unity, which corresponds to the orientation of the cognitive turn toward holism and synthesis. A.S. Samarin expands the discussion to the broader fi eld of cognitivism, largely through a metaphilosophical perspective. D.A. Sevostyanov analyzes the diversity of “turns” in contemporary intellectual culture and interprets the cognitive turn as the creation of cognitive constructs that can be understood as a form of systemic inversion. Z.A. Aksyutina, who applies categorical methodology in pedagogical research, confirms the relevance of the cognitive turn for the implementation of projects based on a new instrumental framework.

The article concludes by presenting several additional ideas concerning the cognitive turn. It is interpreted as a shift in the direction of humanity’s development from the past and the present toward the future; as a transformation of the human being from a mere instrument of cognition into the primary goal of knowledge; and as a change in the understanding of intellectual activity – from a form of work to the highest form of leisure that brings intellectual fulfillment and joy.